Consolidated guidance on tuberculosis data generation and use: module 1: tuberculosis surveillance: web annex A: commonly observed problems and associated solutions

This web annex examines commonly observed problems affecting tuberculosis (TB) surveillance systems and presents proposed solutions based on findings from WHO-supported epidemiological reviews conducted in multiple countries between 2013 and 2020. Prepared as part of the WHO consolidated guidance on tuberculosis data generation and use, the document focuses on operational and technical challenges encountered in national TB surveillance systems, including weaknesses in system coverage, fragmentation of digital platforms, underdiagnosis and underreporting of TB cases, limited interoperability between systems, poor data quality and insufficient use of surveillance data for programme planning and decision-making. The publication distinguishes between system-associated and data-associated problems and analyses their implications for surveillance performance, burden estimation and continuity of care.

The annex outlines practical approaches to strengthen TB surveillance, including transition to case-based digital systems, implementation of interoperability solutions, development of standard operating procedures, strengthening of data validation and supervisory mechanisms, and expansion of routine data analysis and use. It also highlights the importance of clearly defined surveillance objectives, structured implementation plans, multisectoral collaboration and integration of surveillance activities into broader digital health strategies. The document emphasizes that strengthening surveillance systems is essential for improving the completeness, accuracy and usefulness of TB data for monitoring the epidemic and guiding public health action.