Showing 101–125 of 160 documents
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Dipal Bhatt
… of zoonotic tuberculosis, covering its historical context, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control strategies.
Mohammed Assen Seid
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious and deadliest infectious diseaseDiseaseInfectious that remains a threat to humanHuman health worldwide. Even though the World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eradicate TB by 2050, TB elimination rates are not as expected globally. The sp…
Lydia Gibango, Anna-Mari Reid, Jonathan L. Seaman, Namrita Lall
…rculosis research, followed by diagnosis, diagnostic tests, epidemiology, health services studies, basic research and vaccine development. Conventional medicine has been successful in treating the disease and development of a few novel drugs is still underway across the globe. Th…
Sameh Mezri, Zitoun Chaima, Wadii Thabet, Chebbi Ghassen, K. Akkari
Background: Tuberculosis is a chronic specific infectious disease caused by mycobacteria: Koch bacillus (BK). Despite a re-increase in the incidence of tuberculosis, extra-nodal location on the head and neck remains rare. Clinical symptomatology is non-specific and even data from…
Onix Cantres-Fonseca, Francisco Del Olmo-Arroyo
…tidrug resistance. In this chapter, we intend to review the epidemiology of resistant tuberculosis, and the causes of resistance associated to the community of people in the Latin American and the Caribbean. We intend to describe the genetic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
Fabiana Cristina Fulco Santos, André Luiz Alves do Nascimento, Laís Ariane de Siqueira Lira, Juliana Figueirêdo da Costa Lima, Rosana de Albuquerque Montenegro, et al.
Bone tuberculosis (TB) is one of the forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that affects, above all, the spine, long bones and joints. The authors report a case of a 12-year-old child with a complaint of pain and deformity in the lower thoracic region that had lasted for two years.…
Jaysukh B. Kathiriya
…he current state of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in India. The epidemiology, transmission and diagnosis of bTB are examined in depth. In addition, the chapter discusses prevention and control techniques, emphasizes the relationship between human and animal health, and suggests immun…
Charlotte A. Roberts
This chapter synthesizes the skeletal evidence for leprosy documented in the previous chapter to explore the origin, evolution, and spread of leprosy. The relevance of the three epidemiological transitions to the frequency of leprosy since the transition to agriculture is also di…
Rea Tschopp, Hind Yahyaoui
<title>Abstract</title> This chapter describes the epidemiology, prevalence, risk factors, transmission, the role of wild animals and the One Health approach to control bovine tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa.
Lindsay H. Cameron, Jeffrey R. Starke
Childhood tuberculosis differs from adult tuberculosis in epidemiology, clinical and radiographic presentation, and treatment. The risk of a child developing tuberculosis is influenced by age, immune status, and the intensity of exposure to a source case with tuberculosis disease…
Sarah Talarico, Laura Anderson, Benjamin J. Silk
Tuberculosis (TB) control programs prevent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by identifying and treating active cases of TB disease and ensuring that contacts of infectious cases are also identified, screened, and treated for active disease or latent infection. The chapt…
Luis M. de la Maza, Marie T. Pezzlo, Cassiana E. Bittencourt, Ellena M. Peterson
…cteriaceae and includes more than 180 species. Based on the epidemiology and disease presentation, isolates of human relevance are divided into four major groups: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium ulcerans, and the nontuberculous mycob…
Aro Velmet
Abstract From 1880 to 1914, Pastorians reinterpreted tuberculosis in the French colonies as a central public health problem. The disease had been previously considered of marginal importance, compared with tropical diseases such as malaria or yellow fever. This chapter looks at t…
Phool Chandra, Prashant Kumar, Surya Nath Pandey, Manoj Kumar Bisht
Tuberculosis (TB), developed by the Gram-positive bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the prominent cause of demise globally due to high antibiotic resistance. Approximately 1.5 million people deceased of TB in 2020 worldwide. The causative pathogen of tuberculosis spreads m…
François Willermain, Laure Caspers, Weber Celia, Dorine Makhoul
Uveitis is reported to be related to tuberculosis in 0.2–20% of cases. This large range reflects prevalence variations of tuberculosis around the globe as well as differences in diagnostic criteria. In addition, patients with noninfectious uveitis are frequently treated by immuno…
Theophilus Nang Wakai, Nina Ghislaine Yensii, Fabrice Banadzem Kernyuy, Mercy Bella-Omunagbe, Shalom Nwodo Chinedu, et al.
Telomeres, nucleoprotein structures located at the ends of chromosomes, maintain genomic stability and regulate cellular lifespan, particularly in immune cells. Telomere shortening, driven by cell division and limited telomerase activity, accelerates immune ageing and increases s…
Charles Agyemang, John Tetteh, Maïmouna Ndour Mbaye, Roberta Lamptey, Samuel Seidu, et al.
…s is rising rapidly across sub-Saharan Africa; however, its epidemiology, clinical phenotypes, and underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently characterised. This first paper in a Series on diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa synthesises current evidence on the burden, distribution, a…
Mariana Araújo-Pereira, Bruno B Andrade
Tuberculosis infection (TBI) affects approximately one quarter of the global population and constitutes the principal reservoir sustaining future cases of tuberculosis disease (TBD). Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) have become central tools for identifying TBI, particular…
Amod Gupta
Infectious uveitis is a significant cause of ocular morbidity and visual impairment worldwide, especially in developing regions, where it commonly leads to intraocular inflammation. However, in recent years, cases of infectious uveitis have been rising even in the developed world…
Marcos Henrique Teles Simão de Melo, Luana Bretas dos Santos Leonhardt, Jônatas Ferreira de Sá, Paulo Roberto Dias Bobenrieth
Pericardial tuberculosis is a rare and potentially fatal form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that poses a diagnostic challenge, especially in endemic regions. This article reviews its clinical, epidemiological, and diagnostic aspects, based on literature published between 2012 an…
Tyler S Brown, Kristin Nelson, Stephen Kissler, Leo Martinez, C Robert Horsburgh, et al.
…s not only an important, ubiquitous feature of tuberculosis epidemiology, but also represents a potential opportunity for disruptive, strategic interventions with potentially outsized impacts on M tuberculosis transmission.
J C Luongo, K P Fennelly, J A Keen, Z J Zhai, B W Jones, et al.
Infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics such as those due to SARS, influenza, measles, tuberculosis, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus have raised concern about the airborne transmission of pathogens in indoor environments. Significant gaps in knowledge still ex…
Risha Hazarika, Sanjukta Patra
…c surveillance. This review focuses on the molecular basis, epidemiology, and diagnostic challenges associated with non-RRDR mutations, highlighting the need to upgrade diagnostic platforms and strengthen genomic surveillance to ensure early, accurate detection of rifampicin-resi…
Ai Li Yeo, Kevin L Winthrop
Infective and noninfective pulmonary complications occur with biologic agents and targeted small molecule inhibitors used to treat immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. The most common lower respiratory tract infection is bacterial pneumonia. Opportunistic infections including…
Ingrid Burkhardt, Florian Götzinger, Lahia Iipumbu, Elizabeth Whittaker, Gunar Günther, et al.
…ound information and practical guidance on the disease, the epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment options, and post MDR-TB sequalae. We also address the special circumstances of adolescents, comorbidities, and the socioeconomic impact of MDR-TB. PubMed was searched for suitable ar…