Showing 1–25 of 31 documents
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Lynn Sosa, Lloyd N. Friedman
…he treatment facility. The usual therapy for drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) comprises four drugs for 2 months, dropping ethambutol once the organism is known to be sensitive to isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide; then continuing maintenance isoniazid and rifampin for 4 month…
Balasundaram Revathi Mani, Usharani Brammacharry, Venkateswari Ramachandra, Suganthi Palavesam, Muthuraj Muthaiah
The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis jeopardizes the TB control programme activities globally. Multidrug-resistant TB is defined as tuberculosis strains resistant to at least two first-line drugs, rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH). Extensively drug-resistant TB refers …
Piyushkumar Sadhu, Mamta Kumari, Niyati Shah, Chitrali Talele, Nirmal Shah, et al.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis, particularly those with rifampicin resistance (RR-TB), has emerged as one of the major challenges to the goal of eliminating tuberculosis. Additionally, three or four different medications must be used in an effort to treat TB, but sadly, there aren't…
Tuberculosis (TB), especially the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) forms, is a major global public health threat due to its complexity of treatment regimens as well as the widespread resistance to tuberculosis.The rise of MDR-TB, defined…
Mousumi Saha, Indrani Sarkar, Arnab Sen
…gnificant role in the evolutionary study of these bacteria. Tuberculosis, a noxious bacterial disease caused by M. tuberculosis, has infected a large section of the population throughout the world, including India. M. tuberculosis is the most successful pathogen of this genus tha…
Vaishali N. Pardeshi, Tushar Lokhande, Khemchand R. Surana, Ashwini Shelke, Yogita B. Thombare
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a significant public health issue across the world, especially with the advent of multidrug-resistant TB. The incapacity of humans to manage this illness derives from the fact that formerly successful TB vaccinations and treatments are no longer effecti…
Krupanshi Bharadava, Aviral Kaushik, Nigam Vyas, Tarun Kumar Upadhyay, C. Ratna Prabha, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious and potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by the bacterium <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (MTB). Despite significant progress in medical science, TB remains a global health concern, affecting millions of peo…
Rachana Khati, Alok Kumar Paul, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, et al.
… the ancient period, the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been affecting mankind and has become a cause of contagious disease—tuberculosis. However, to globally overcome the health issues against MDR and XDR TB, there is an urgency to streamline more inputs for…
Mpho Phehello Ngoepe, Maluta Steven Mufamadi
… chemical methods. Treatment for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) has always been a challenge, as many patients fail to complete treatment requiring four to five active drugs over a 24-month period. Failure to identify new antimicrobials is of major concern due to an …
Rafael Laniado-Laborı́n
…drug susceptibility testing. The presence of drug-resistant tuberculosis should be suspected in patients who are failing treatment, in patients with TB relapse, in subjects coming from regions with a high prevalence of MDR-TB, and in contacts of known cases of MDR-TB. Although th…
Rafael Laniado-Laborín
Despite recent advances in the pharmacologic treatment of tuberculosis, some patients are left with residual or persistent sequels that could benefit from surgical intervention. Most experts believe that surgical treatment is rarely necessary in patients with pansensitive tubercu…
Vinay Jasani, Ahmed Abdelaal, Mohamed Mohamed
…ost challenging problems facing the global fight to control tuberculosis. Drug resistance to antituberculous chemotherapy is a spectrum which includes mono-drug resistance (e.g. rifampicin resistance), multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), and finally tota…
Hemali Savla, Bhushan S. Bhale, Nisha Sharma, Pradnya R. Petkar
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extremely drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mtb has further increased the disease-related mortality…
Terry E. Robinson, Jane Scullion
Abstract This chapter covers the key facts about tuberculosis (TB), then goes on to describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease. Risk factors, and signs and symptoms, and investigations are all covered. The treatment phase and standard drug therapies are shown, a…
Apoorva Narain, Surya Kant, Rikesh K. Dubey, Kanchan Srivastava, Anand Kumar Maurya
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has been an exceptionally successful human pathogen over the centuries, infecting almost one-third of the global population. An exponential increase in tuberculosis (TB) cases, mainly by the drug-resistant (DR) strains of MTB, has created an urgen…
Tushar Garg
…of effective treatments for complicated multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), it will be challenging to achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) goal to end the global TB epidemic by 2035. The treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB…
Nicole C. Cardoso, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Nashied Peton, Vinayak Singh
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major global health concern given the increase in multiple forms of drug-resistant TB. This underscores the importance of a continuous pipeline of new anti-TB agents. From recent studies, it is evident that the increas…
S.Z.Z. Cobongela, Tintswalo Mgwenya
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains a critical global health issue, with 1.3 million deaths reported in 2022. Despite available treatments, TB’s high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are exacerbate…
Sri Widyarti, Mudyawati Kamaruddin, Sherry Aristyani, Meity Elvina, Saraswati Subagjo, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious diseases in the world. The disease is commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria which are capable of rapidly spreading through droplet transmission. In developing countries, poverty and malnutrition cause immun…
Shahista, Jappreet Kaur, Amit Kumar Singh, Vivek Kumar Garg
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is described as tuberculosis that is not responding to one or more anti-TB medications. A person is diagnosed with DR-TB if they do not respond to regular TB treatment; then a more challenging treatment regimen and a longer treatment duration a…
Mahesh T. Chhabria, Divya Teli
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat, with the emergence of drug-resistant strains posing significant challenges to traditional treatment approaches. This necessitates continuous innovation and the development of novel strategies in TB drug discovery. This chapter exp…
Ted Lankester
…chapter describes the recent status, impact, and control of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide through the End TB strategy. It gives examples of how government and civil society programmes can work together, with the roles and tasks of each clearly defined. It gives examples of the many…
Remmy Shawa, Fons Coomans, Helen Cox, Leslie London
…ess to effective diagnosis and treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a persistent ethical, human rights and public health challenge globally. In addressing this challenge, arguments based on a Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) to health have most often been f…
Patrick Howlett, Robert J. Wilkinson, Ben J. Marais
…ds, Disease and pathogenesis, Clinical features, Diagnosis, Tuberculosis treatment, TB and HIV, TB in Children, Treatment regimens, Multi-drug resistant and extensively drug resistant TB , Lessons learned in TB treatment and control
Federico Appetecchia, Mariangela Biava, Giovanna Poce
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, claiming 1.2 million deaths (including 208 000 people with HIV) and 10 million new cases in 2019. Current treatment suffers from significant shortcomings such as length, dosage regimen, toxicity, and resistance…