Showing 51–75 of 100 documents
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Abuobaida Yassin
…plores the role of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in tuberculosis (TB) management. The scope encompasses the immunomodulatory mechanisms by which corticosteroids influence the inflammatory response in TB infection, evidence-based clinical applications across different TB m…
Ana Paula Santos, Rosana Souza Rodrigues, Erik H J G Aarntzen, Paulo Henrique Rosado de Castro, Cecile Magis-Escurra, et al.
…es. This nuclear medicine technique can be a useful tool in tuberculosis (TB) for assessing the extent of extrapulmonary disease, evaluating treatment response and identifying patients at higher risk of disease relapse. The fusion of functional imaging provided by PET with the an…
Ashok Kumar Pannu
Geriatric tuberculosis (TB) is an emerging but under-recognized challenge in India. Older adults often present with atypical or advanced disease, leading to delayed diagnosis, treatment complications, and increased mortality. While pulmonary TB is common, extrapulmonary and disse…
Charles L. Daley
…s, and treatment of the more common forms of extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (TB). Diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB can be challenging given the nonspecific clinical presentations, difficulty in obtaining specimens for testing, and variable sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tes…
Soaham Desai, Ravi Yadav, Divyani Garg, Susanne A Schneider, Pramod Kumar Pal
**BACKGROUND:** Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a severe complication of TB, with movement disorders representing an under-recognized yet impactful manifestation. Despite their clinical significance, knowledge gaps persist in epidemiology, pathophysiology…
Narsing A. Rao
Although ocular tuberculosis (TB) is rare in the developed world, an increase in the migration of people from regions of endemic TB has led to a re-emergence of this ocular infection in the United States and other western countries and to a re-emphasis on its recognition. The use…
MU Mythreyi, M. S. Siddegowda, S. Shivakumar
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis [EPTB] affects mainly lymph nodes, pleura, central nervous system, bones, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract. Most commonly it presents as isolated lymphadenopathy and also as effusion in the body cavities. Tests to diagnose EPTB include Fi…
Hien Thi Thu Nguyen, Tuong Khanh Bui-Nguyen, Chi Que Nguyen, Hanh Thi My Dinh, Trang Khanh Tran, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. Current tools for monitoring treatment response rely on sputum-based microscopy and culture, which are often insensitive, time-consuming, and impractical in extrapulmonary or pediatric TB and in individual…
Susanna Esposito, Valentina Fainardi, Beatrice Rita Campana, Gaia Giorgia Arnesano, Nicola Principi
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide, with approximately one million new pediatric cases annually. The conventional treatment for drug-susceptible TB has long relied on a 6-month multidrug regimen, which is highly effective b…
Madeleine T Dang, Kara Lukas, Daniel H Choi, Timothy J Chu, Vishwanath Venketaraman
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is an infectious disease characterized by the invasion ofbeyond the lungs. Diagnosis is frequently delayed due to nonspecific clinical presentations that vary by organ system, making diagnostic imaging essential for disease detection, characteri…
Vinaya Kumar Konana, Kalpana Babu
Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) is one of the extrapulmonary manifestations caused by(Mtb). If untreated, it can result in poor visual prognosis. Prompt diagnosis of OTB is met with challenges. The gold standard for the diagnosis of OTB is the direct demonstration of the Mtb in ocular …
Isaiah Osei Duah, Gabriel Amankwah, Josephine Ampong, Sherlene Brown, Bernice Lebene Tettey, et al.
Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is an underrecognized extrapulmonary manifestation ofinfection that can result in irreversible vision loss. Current systemic therapies, including isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, are often inadequate in achieving therapeutic intraocula…
Mariona Cortacans, Nino Gogichadze, Pablo Soldevilla, Zoran Stojanovic, Onno Akkerman, et al.
…uals following the diagnosis of pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It shows how residual structural lung damage (bronchiectasis, cavitation, residual fibrotic lesions) and persistent immune dysregulation create niches for pathogens, most notably,spp.,complex and herpe…
Onno W. Akkerman, Gunar Guenther, Marcela Muñóz-Torrico, Aylin Babalık, Jan Heyckendorf, et al.
This chapter presents an overview of the clinical presentation of PTB and EPTB. The signs and syptoms of PTB are discussed, as well as several forms of EPTB, including disseminated TB, central nervous system TB, spinal TB, pleural TB, lymph node TB, abdominal TB, joint and extras…
Promod K Mehta, Khushpreet Kaur, Jefry Sebastian, Anish Khan, Zoozeal Thakur, et al.
Osteoarticular TB (OATB) is a manifestation of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), wherein spinal TB constitutes ∼50% of OATB individuals. Diagnosis of OATB is quite difficult owing to deep inaccessible lesions within tissues, scanty bacterial load and imitation of disease with othe…
Qianfei Liu, Songnian Que, Yixuan Qiu, Mingxing Tang, Shaohua Liu, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by() infection, including pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. About a quarter of the people in the world are infected with TB, but only 5-10% of them will progress to active TB, posing a major challenge to the …
Cybele Lara R Abad, Alex Zimmet, Aruna K Subramanian
…ral of solid organ transplantation (SOT) in recipients with tuberculosis (TB) disease (active TB) is recommended until anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) is completed. However, SOT is often urgent, and there are instances where SOT cannot be safely delayed. **METHODS:** We report…
Jammula Mounika
…ingitis recognized as the most devastating manifestation of tuberculosis, contributes to approximately 20% of childhood TB mortality. This case report focuses on a pediatric patient with obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to tubercular meningitis, complicated by pyrazinamide-ind…
Ashfaque Ansari, L. V. Manjusha Bavisetty
…cularly in immune-compromised individuals and HIV patients. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, It remains the most common infectious disease affecting the lungs in India to date, and can present with various extrapulmonary manifestations. One rare manifestation…
Yu Li, Hongjuan Wei, Limei Sun, Dongsong Tang, Tiantian Wang, et al.
…ficiency Virus (HIV) face an elevated risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Clinical diagnosis of HIV/MTB coinfection presents substantial challenges, with co-infected patients exhibiting high mortality rates and representing a critical public health burden. The dia…
Qi Dong, Miaoran Wang, Zhaohua Wang, Jie Shi, Jianping Xie, et al.
The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) diseases and the number of deaths from these diseases are steadily increasing worldwide. However, the pathologic diagnosis of NTM disease is similar to that of tuberculosis, and it is often difficult to dis…
Akhmad Imron, Yulius Hermanto, Timotius Wira Yudha, Ahmad Rizal, Vycke Yunivita Kusumah Dewi, et al.
…erature review aims to evaluate recent advancements in anti-tuberculosis therapy for TBM, focusing on optimizing treatment regimens. **METHODS:** This literature review primarily draws from studies available in the PubMed and Scopus databases on TBM regimens, focusing on publica…
Wenting Lu, Yongchuan Li, Junlin Deng, Yuqing Su, Huanhuan Fan, et al.
…erculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe manifestation of tuberculosis, poses a major global health challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality, affecting over 100,000 individuals annually. Diagnosing TBM is challenging due to its clinical resemblance to other forms of me…
Sphoorthi Basavannaiah
… typically asymptomatic, they are not frequently diagnosed. Tuberculosis is a major infection that affects both children and adults around the world, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. They are most common in the extra pulmonary area, where lymphadenitis is the mos…
Rentia Lourens, Gabriela Singh, Tracy Arendse, Guy Thwaites, Ursula Rohlwink
Tuberculous meningitis remains the most lethal form of tuberculosis. Despite significant physiological differences adults and children with tuberculous meningitis receive similar treatment and are often grouped together in research. Consequently, differences in tuberculous mening…