Showing 76–100 of 200 documents
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Rafael Laniado-Laborín
One-third of the world's population is infected with M. tuberculosis. It is from this vast pool of infected people where the new cases of active disease originate. Most of these cases of latent infection are found in low-income countries where national tuberculosis programs conce…
Alina Malic, Adriana Niguleanu, Tatyana Osipov
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) includes various therapeutic regimens with a combination of at least four drugs. Adherence to the treatment regimen is crucial for efficacy outcomes based on the achievement of appropriate drug levels. Drug-resistant () strains are mainly favored by…
Peter Matuku-Kisaumbi
This chapter focuses on how biomarkers of tuberculosis can be utilized in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring of TB. Tuberculosis biomarkers are measurable molecular indicators present and/or whose levels are altered in disease states. Found in blood, urine, broncho…
Kelly Urban
… popular support, he strategically expanded the state’s antituberculosis campaign, founding the National Tuberculosis Council (Consejo Nacional de Tuberculosis, or CNT) in 1936. His use of tuberculosis as statecraft constituted a key plank of his populist platform, contributed to…
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a re-emerging public health concern which requires special attention all around the world.Among all the infectious diseases, drug-resistant tuberculosis is now the most lethal infection causing disease in both children and adults.The co-infection of…
Aan Sutandi, Martika Hijriani, Apriana Rahmawati, Harizza Pertiwi
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP), confirmed through drug sensitivity testing or rapid molecular diagnostics (e.g., GeneXpert).Due to this re…
Dipa M. Kinariwala
…nodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the most potent risk factor for Tuberculosis progression (TB). Surveillance of HIV among & TB patients has been recognized to be important as the HIV epidemic continues to fuel TB epidemic. In those who are infected with both HIV and TB, the intera…
Gangaram Bhadarge, Nandkishor Bankar, Sudhir Singh
… a major public health problem in all developing countries. Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is also a major cause of death in humans around the world. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) survey, MTB infects o…
Jock McCulloch, Pavla Miller
Abstract Tuberculosis became a notifiable disease in the Cape in 1907, and throughout the South African Union under the Public Health Act of 1919. The Act, which was designed to limit infection among whites, introduced programmes for early diagnosis, treatment and notification, a…
Rafael Laniado-Laborín
Tuberculosis is an excellent simulator and can mimic virtually any disease. Clinically, it has been divided into primary and post-primary tuberculosis. Primary tuberculosis usually refers to patients not previously exposed to M. tuberculosis. Primary tuberculosis is more frequent…
Mohd. Altaf Mir, Prince Kumar, Beena Kumari, Jaya Jain
… an overview of the diagnosis and management of soft tissue tuberculosis affecting the hand. Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that can affect any part of the body, including the hand, which can lead to significant morbidity if not diagnosed and treated promptly. The c…
Do Dang Hoan, Dao Xuan Thanh, Nguyen Khac Trang, Ngô Văn Toàn
…s and prerequisites for total hip replacement in active hip tuberculosis. We carried out a quasi-experimental study. The study included 40 patients with 42 active tuberculosis hips at stage IV treated by total hip replacement from October 2016 to December 2019 at the National Lun…
Ruchi Nair, Pooja Thakur, Hitesh D. Patel
Tuberculosis (TB) management and the prevention of drug-resistant strains rely heavily on timely detection and efficient treatment. Conventional diagnostic methods, while accurate, frequently require expensive laboratory equipment and can take several weeks, emphasizing the criti…
Tao Shi, Tongxin Li, Xuewu Xing
Extra-pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (EPTB) is a threat and challenge to human health that affects bone, urinary, skin, soft tissues, and lymph nodes. EPTB always comes from pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), while there are some patients who have never had any PTB symptoms or (…
Onix Cantres-Fonseca
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most pathogenic infectious organisms, usually known for causing cavitary lung infection. But this mycobacterium is also capable of causing masked involvement in any organ of the body. Its clinical manifestation can mimic other conditions a…
Tuberculosis (TB), especially the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) forms, is a major global public health threat due to its complexity of treatment regimens as well as the widespread resistance to tuberculosis.The rise of MDR-TB, defined…
Stella S. Makpu, Kome Otokunefor, Tosanwumi Vincent Otokunefor
With the higher risk of tuberculosis associated with developing countries, it has increasingly become imperative to determine the genetic diversity of strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC).This is essential for establishing control programs as it provides infor…
Mohit Bhagchandani, Praveen Kumar Arya, Shashank Nigam, Sandeep Verma
… us with sub-acute intestinal obstruction due to intestinal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis infection has a high incidence in the immunocompromised individual or patients with pre-existing illness or undergoing any immunosuppression. Although many cases of abdominal tuberculosis are f…
Benson Olu Akinshipe, Anthony Chukwuka Nwaobi, Emmanuel Babatunde Adedeji, Friday Alfred Ehiaghe, Herbert Obi Okpala
Host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) is mediated by cellular immunity in which cytokines and MTb-specific T cells play an important role. The detection of MTb and discrimination between different states of MTb infection is possible by immunodiagnostic tes…
Şule Kızıltaş, Aylin Babalık
…er COVID-19 [1]. TB is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is spread from one person to another through the air. M. tuberculosis is estimated to infect approximately one-fourth of the world’s population [2, 3]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) …
Gabriela Echeverría-Valencia
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causal agent of human tuberculosis. The initial events of the establishment of the infection include the phagocytosis by several innate immune response cells. This chapter will discuss the immune cells involved, the phagocytic pattern recognition…
K. Tamreihao, Saikat Mukherjee, Debananda S. Ningthoujam, Subhra Saikat Roy
…ation is infected with a deadly communicable disease called Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A majority of this infected population is confined in South-East Asia, especially India. With the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains through the seque…
R. Venkateswari, B. Usharani, P. Suganthi, M. Muthuraj
The diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis remains a challenge to control tuberculosis even though remarkable progress has been made in diagnostics during the last decade. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the diagnosis of definitive extra pulmonary tuberculosis …
Richard E. Chaisson, Jean B. Nachega
Abstract Tuberculosis is caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, including M. tuberculosis (the most important), M. bovis, and M. africanum. It has been present since antiquity and is the leading infectious cause of death ahead of HIV infection. An estimate…
Sonia Singh, Yogesh Murti, Nitin Agrawal
Tuberculosis is commonly called TB and considered to be the most contagious disease. This disease is caused by a causative agent known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the host body cells. Emergence incidence of XDR and MDR of tuberculosis are due to high dose intake and prol…