Si/SiO ₂ Nanoparticles as a Versatile Tool for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections in Human

The escalating global crisis of antibiotic resistance demands innovative therapeutic approaches to combat infectious diseases effectively. Silica-based nanoparticles, particularly silicon (Si) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂), have emerged as versatile and potent antimicrobial agents and drug delivery platforms. Their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, biocompatibility and functionalization capabilities, enable them to enhance antibiotic efficacy, reduce required dosages and minimize side effects. Generation of reactive oxygen species, disruption of bacterial membrane as well as targeted drug delivery are the mechanisms by which nanoparticles exert antimicrobial activity, offering promising solutions to mitigate resistance. In tuberculosis (TB) therapy, Si/SiO₂ nanoparticles hold particular promise for overcoming challenges associated with the prolonged treatment regimens and drug resistance. By facilitating the targeted delivery of antitubercular drugs, these nanoparticles enhance drug bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes while minimizing systemic toxicity. Additionally, their potential to penetrate and disrupt mycobacterial biofilms can be pivotal in addressing persistent infections. Focusing on the optimization of synthesis, functionalization and safety of Si/SiO₂ nanoparticles for scalable clinical applications are to be the future research. Interdisciplinary collaborations spanning material science, microbiology and pharmacology are essential to advance this field. Rigorous preclinical and clinical evaluations will be instrumental in the conversion of laboratory successes into effective, real-world solutions. The innovative use of silica nanoparticles in the treatment of tuberculosis and broader antimicrobial therapy represents a transformative strategy in addressing the global health threat of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance.