Prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle herds in Poland from 2010 to 2020: A comprehensive review

<ns3:p>Paratuberculosis (PTBC), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic infectious disease characterized by progressive emaciation and debilitation in cattle, primarily due to granulomatous enteritis and persistent diarrhea. In severe cases, the disease can culminate in death. MAP is highly transmissible, facilitating rapid dissemination throughout an entire herd following the introduction of a single infected individual. It also survives in contaminated soil, water, and feed, and can be transmitted through milk. Early stages often show no symptoms, but as the disease progresses. The infection results in substantial economic losses due to diminished milk yields, reduced carcass value, and compromised immune function in affected animals. Diagnosis is challenging, and the disease is economically burdensome due to its long incubation period and management costs. Control measures include testing, culling, and biosecurity protocols. In many countries, PTBC is a notifiable disease under stringent surveillance and control programs. However, in Poland, it is only subject to registration requirements. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of PTBC in Polish cattle herds from 2010 to 2020 and to provide an overview of global strategies for disease control and eradication.</ns3:p>