Paratuberculosis in cattle

In India, paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease (JD), is endemic in domestic livestock and was first reported in Hisar, India, in 1913. National estimates of the prevalence of MAP in India are still unavailable (Kumar <em>et al</em>, 2007, Sharma <em>et al</em>., 2008). John’s disease causes enormous economic losses and has a significant impact on the livestock industry due to premature culling of animals, reduced weight gain, reduced feed efficiency, and high morbidity (Kaur et al., 2011); reduced carcass value, reduced milk production, increased susceptibility to mastitis and reproductive disorders, resulting in increased calving intervals, decreased fertility, and additional veterinary costs (Hasonova &amp; Pavlik, 2006). Paratuberculosis causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry in the United States, estimated at more than $200 million per year (Groenendaal et al., 2015), and thus has a significant impact in both developing and developed countries. No country claims to be free on MAP (Yue et al., 2016). Paratuberculosis, often known as Johne's disease, a chronic intestinal disease that mostly affects ruminants and camelids. In animals, paratuberculosis causes intermittent or chronic diarrhoea, chronic weight loss, and generalized stinginess (Whitlock and Buergelt, 1996).