Management of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease Refractory to Guideline-Based Therapy: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Introduction Managing patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) unresponsive to guideline-based therapy presents a significant clinical challenge. Limited treatment options and the complex nature of disease progression make therapeutic decision-making difficult. This study systematically reviewed the existing literature on management strategies and emerging therapeutic approaches for refractory NTM-PD. Methods We systematically reviewed studies on NTM-PD treatment failure published from inception until 31 January 2024, examining associated factors, intensification strategies, and supportive measures. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, predominantly exhibiting retrospective observational methodology and focusing on pulmonary disease by Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium abscessus species. Findings were synthesised qualitatively due to the considerable heterogeneity in study design and outcomes. Results Before treatment intensification or de-escalation, the impact of antibiotic treatment on health-related quality of life and microbiological factors, such as acquired resistance and changes in the pathogenic NTM, should be assessed. The presence of severe radiological findings at the beginning of treatment and a history of multiple antibiotic regimen modifications were associated with a lower chance of treatment success. Evidence regarding supportive interventions for treatment-refractory NTM-PD, such as nutritional counselling, respiratory rehabilitation, and psychosocial support, remains limited. Intermittent administration of intravenous antibiotics may be an additional strategy for symptom management. Depending on the causative NTM species, some antibiotic options have been explored for treatment intensification, although most of these are based on observational studies. Surgical resection remains an option for localised disease, although the risk of recurrence remains substantial in the case of preoperative positive culture. Novel therapeutic approaches remain under investigation as potential alternatives. Discussion This systematic review underscores the complexity of managing refractory NTM-PD, highlighting the role of treatment intensification, symptom control, supportive measures and knowledge gaps. While no standardised approach exists, individualised strategies incorporating clinical, microbiological, and radiological factors remain essential for optimising patient outcomes.