Paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Complicating HIV/AIDS with Disseminated Tuberculosis: A Case Report

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of global mortality and is the most common opportunistic infection in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Among its severe manifestations, Tuberculosis Meningitis (TBM) presents a significant clinical challenge due to its high mortality rate and the complexities of treatment. This case report presents a 33-year-old Middle Eastern male diagnosed simultaneously with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and disseminated tuberculosis including tuberculosis meningitis. Initial management included anti-tuberculosis treatment and prophylactic steroid, followed by the initiation of antiretroviral therapy five weeks later. Despite these interventions, the patient developed Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS). The case highlights the challenges in managing opportunistic infections in advanced human immunodeficiency virus cases, emphasizing the need for new strategies to reduce the incidence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and its complications while identifying the most effective approach in managing such cases.