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Advances in management and treatment of tubercular meningitis - a narrative review.

Manal Arshad Malik, Aleena Kamran, Dua Ahsan, Aafia Amjad, Sara Moatter, et al.

**BACKGROUND:** Tuberculosis (TB), caused by, continues to be a major global health issue, particularly due to its potential to cause severe complications such as tubercular meningitis (TBM), which is a fatal condition that proves difficult to diagnose and treat effectively and o…

Deconvoluting the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in BCG-induced nonspecific and TB-specific host resistance.

Kerry L Hilligan, Patricia A Darrah, Robert A Seder, Alan Sher

… protection outside the context of pediatric extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), promising new data indicate that when administered mucosally or intravenously at a higher dose, BCG can induce sterilizing immunity against pulmonary TB in nonhuman primates. BCG is also known to promo…

Current perspective on infectious uveitis.

Amod Gupta

…blindness from these treatable conditions. The incidence of tuberculosis disease remains very high in low- and middle-income regions, including India. Although there is emerging consensus that tubercular uveitis (TBU) is a significant cause of uveitis in TB-endemic areas, the lac…

Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection in Asia: A narrative review.

Leong Tung Ong

… mycobacteria (NTM) infection, coinciding with a decline in tuberculosis (TB) cases. The incidence of NTM infection has exceeded that of TB in Japan, with a prevalence rate showing a substantial increase over the years. Similarly, South Korea and Taiwan have witnessed an increase…

Tuberculous pleural effusion: integrating thoracic ultrasound and medical thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and management: a pictorial narrative review and an algorithm proposal.

Riccardo Inchingolo, Lorenzo Carriera, Simone Ielo, Roberto Barone, Andrea Smargiassi, et al.

…n (TPE) is currently the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and remains a significant cause of pleural disease worldwide, particularly in endemic regions. It often presents with non-specific clinical symptoms, such as fever, chest pain, cough and weight loss, thereby…

Ischaemia in tuberculous meningitis: update on pathophysiology, clinical predictors and management.

Georgia Lamb, Reinout van Crevel, Graeme Meintjes, Angharad Davis

…meningitis (TBM) is a severe manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, associated with high mortality and long-term neurological disability. Cerebral ischaemia and infarction are major contributors to poor outcomes, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely u…

Infectious diseases and tropical medicine

…also outlines the differing presentations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Influenza, traveller’s diarrhoea, measles, polio, tetanus, Epstein–Barr virus and rabies are also covered.

Role of Nuclear Medicine in TB Spine

Rajender Kumar, Apurva Sood, Anish Bhattacharya

Spinal tuberculosis (TB), also known as Pott’s spine, is one of the most debilitating and common forms of extrapulmonary TB. Clinical presentation of spinal TB depends on the stage and site of the disease. The symptoms are usually insidious and progress slowly, leading to delayed…

Progress in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis

Olga Adriana Căliman-Sturdza

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculosis, with high mortality and neurological disability in survivors. Recent advances include improved nucleic-acid diagnostics for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), refined pediatric regimens, and emerging intensified/adjunc…

Clinical efficacy of linezolid in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis: a retrospective analysis and literature review.

Zhen-Tao Fei, Wei Huang, Dan-Ping Zhou, Yang Yang, Ping Liu, et al.

…:** Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculosis, with high morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study evaluates the clinical efficacy of linezolid in patients with TBM. **METHODS:** We analyzed 99 TBM patients treated at the Shanghai Public Health…

Imported Familial Pulmonary and Cerebral Paragonimiasis in Korea: Cases and Literature Review from a Clinical Grand Round Conference.

Ji Young Lee, Jee Yeon Baek, Haesung Yoon, Mi-Jung Lee, Hoon-Chul Kang, et al.

…ed similar findings in his parents who were misdiagnosed as tuberculosis and cerebral hemorrhage, and the family was treated with praziquantel. This familial cluster highlights the importance of detailed dietary and travel history in patients with eosinophilia and neurological sy…

Understanding antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: Risk factors and effective management strategies in the pediatric population.

Pooja Semwal, Manjit Kaur Saini, Moinak Sen Sarma

Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDIH) is a significant concern while managing pediatric tuberculosis. There is limited data on pediatric ATDIH, and much of the management practices are extrapolated from adult experiences. This article provides a comprehensive overv…

Approach to pyrexia of unknown origin in low- and middle-income countries.

Ashok Kumar Pannu

…ctious inflammatory diseases and malignancy. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, lymphoma, and Still's disease are among the leading causes. This article reviews the evolving epidemiology of PUO in LMICs and proposes a structured, stepwise diagnostic approach that integrates local epide…

Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis: Integrating Clinical Assessment and Molecular Diagnostics.

Jorge E Leiva-Ordoñez, Beatriz Quintero

Tuberculous meningitis is the most severe form of tuberculosis and remains associated with high mortality and substantial neurological disability, particularly among children and people living with HIV. Early diagnosis is challenging because of nonspecific clinical manifestations…

Pulmonary Complications in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.

Agata Anna Lewandowska, Dorota Waśniowska, Cezary Rybacki, Michał Graczyk, Ola Duszyńska, et al.

…drug-induced pulmonary toxicity, nonspecific infection, and tuberculosis. Similar clinical manifestations of the patient's progressive deterioration, as well as the complex etiology of pulmonary involvement, raise controversies and force difficult therapeutic decisions. High morb…

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in tuberculous meningitis: A literature review.

Akhmad Imron, Yulius Hermanto, Ahmad Rizal, Vycke Yunivita, Rovina Ruslami

…at the drug can reach the center of infection. Not all anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs can effectively cross the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. The use of higher doses is expected to be able to work on the center of infection effectively. However, the use of hig…

From anonymity to stardom: history of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in humans.

Surendra Kumar Sharma, Vishwanath Upadhyay, Alladi Mohan

…ntly, nearly 200 NTM species have been reported. Similar to tuberculosis (TB), NTM are known to involve both pulmonary and extrapulmonary organs. Diagnosis of NTM disease is quite cumbersome and is primarily based on their growth characteristics on solid and liquid cultures. Bioc…

Multisystemic Imaging Features of Coccidioidomycosis.

Logan P Haug, Harrison Lang, Muhammad Naeem, Akira Kawashima, Clinton Jokerst, et al.

…nstrating relative disk sparing analogous to that seen with tuberculosis or other causes of atypical infectious spondylitis. When osteomyelitis of the appendicular skeleton is juxta-articular, it can progress to septic arthritis, with fungal tenosynovitis and soft-tissue abscesse…

BCGitis and BCGosis: Clinical Spectrum, Immunological Mechanisms, and Risk Management.

Qibin Liu, Xiyong Dai, Shuang Wei

…Guérin (BCG) remains the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), administered to >100 million neonates annually. It confers approximately 70-80% protection against tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB in early childhood, under-pinning its continued use in high-burd…

Psychological and social risk factors and mental health interventions in tuberculous meningitis: A research progress.

Xue Gu, Xiao-Yan Wang, Jian-Na Zhang

…culous meningitis (TBM), which accounts for 1%-5% of global tuberculosis cases, is a severe neurological infection with a mortality rate of 30%-50%. Its high fatality and disability rates disproportionately affect low- and middle-income regions (, sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast…

Clinical guidelines for meningitis in low- and middle-income countries.

Ashok Kumar Pannu

Meningitis remains a significant public health concern. Patients typically present with fever and neurological symptoms such as headache, altered sensorium, or seizures. However, older adults and immunocompromised individuals often have atypical presentations, including absence o…

Mycobacterium Avium Complex Pneumonia Masquerading as a Lung Mass with Broncho-Pleural Fistula and Empyema in an Immunocompetent Patient-A Case Study

Jagdeesh Natesan, Suganya Chandramohan, Suganthini Krishnan

This chapter present the clinical, laboratory, radiological features, and management of MAC empyema in an elderly patient. The study also provides a brief overview of cases of MAC associated pleurisy and empyema that have been reported in literature. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria …

Chronic meningitis: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Matthew Smyth, Monica Diaz, Deanna Saylor

**PURPOSE OF REVIEW:** We review recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of chronic meningitis, focusing on tuberculous meningitis (TBM), cryptococcal meningitis (CM), syphilitic meningitis, neuroborreliosis, and recurrent chronic meningitis. Noninfectious causes and unique ch…