Showing 51–75 of 160 documents
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Ricardo Correia de Abreu, Flavia Alice T. M. Guimarães, Joana Laranjinha, Frederico Duarte, Isabel Neves
Background: Portugal has one of the highest incidence rates of HIV and AIDS and one of the highest percentages of late diagnosis in the European Union. Objectives: Evaluation of late diagnoses between 1998-2018. Comparison of demographic, epidemiological and mortality data. Ident…
Dhara Gosai, Jigar B. Gosai, Omprakash Shital Shukla
Background: Tuberculosis is the world's second leading cause of death from an infectious disease, being second only to AIDS. There is a lack of good data on the prevalence of all types of tuberculosis among children in India; most surveys have focused on pulmonary tuberculosis. T…
Zoran Simonović
Infectious diseases have shaped human history, and they still represent significant public health risks nowadays. As new infectious disease agents emerge, old microbes are evolving and acquiring the possibility for more effective human transmission. Some of them become resistant …
Terry E. Robinson, Jane Scullion
…facts about tuberculosis (TB), then goes on to describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease. Risk factors, and signs and symptoms, and investigations are all covered. The treatment phase and standard drug therapies are shown, and directly observed therapy for the …
Pınar Ergenekon, Arif Kut, Nader Fasseeh
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem affecting the entire globe. Despite the fact that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) vaccine was invented a long time before, MTB is even today one of the most widespread causes of mortality due to a single infectious factor [1, …
Richard Turner
… and pertussis are particularly common in some regions, and epidemiology is changing. Prompt diagnosis and treatment has public health implications; respiratory pathogens benefit from the human cough reflex for their own transmission. Specific pathogen-derived factors have now be…
Mohd Akhlak, Seema Negi, Sanjay Kumar
…ugh understanding of the diverse bacterial pathogens, their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment modalities.
Alison D. Grant, Kevin M. De Cock
…, adult HIV prevalence has reached 30% in some areas. Local epidemiology depends on the balance between incidence (due to sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission, or exposure to blood or blood products) and mortality, and the effect of antiretroviral therapy on both mortalit…
S. Jonathan Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, Rahul Shrimanker, Chris D. Turnbull, John Wrightson
Includes: Tuberculosis: epidemiology and pathophysiology, first-line anti-TB drugs, TB chemotherapy with comorbid disease, multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), latent TB infection, TB and anti-TNF-α treatment, disseminated BCG infection (BCGosis), future developments in TB, non-tube…
Hemali Savla, Bhushan S. Bhale, Nisha Sharma, Pradnya R. Petkar
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extremely drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mtb has further increased the disease-related mortality…
Linda Bryder
The slate industry had become a commercial enterprise in the counties of Caernarvonshire and Merionethshire in North Wales by the mideighteenth century. 1 At the end of the nineteenth century, this area included the two largest slate quarries in the world, Penrhyn Quarry near Bet…
Deepali Kalambhe, Nilam Wavhal
…st of these NZDs are preventable; hence, awareness of their epidemiology, transmission, prevention, and control measures is fundamental. Some of the critically neglected zoonotic diseases, such as anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, cysticercosis, echinococc…
Kevin Flores-Lovon, Edwin Herrera, Paola Salinas, Rodney Macedo
Individuals who have co-infection with COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) are more likely to have severe illness and higher mortality. Thus, we sought to review the biological, immunological, clinical, and epidemiological interactions between COVID-19 viral infection and Mycobacteriu…
Pratap Upadhya, B. Muniza, A. Arpitha
…eases which have symbiosis relationship. They share similar epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. These 2 diseases can predispose and worsen each other’s manifestations carrying a worse prognosis to the patient.
Eshet Gebrie, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Birhan Mulugeta, Henok Worku, Berihun Agegn Mengistie, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, exhibits pronounced sex differences in incidence and disease progression, with adult males disproportionately affected. Increasing evidence indicates that sex steroid hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone modula…
Yan Zhang, Dian Yuan, Hua-Li Wang, Chao-Qiong Zhou, Yan-Qun Liu, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health challenge, and its control efforts are increasingly complicated by the rising prevalence of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). Rifampicin (RIF), a cornerstone of first-line anti-TB treatment regimens, plays a pivotal role in TB thera…
Christian Kraef, Ole Kirk
…ts at highest risk. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, determinants, regional differences, diagnostic and therapeutic standards, and future challenges of TB/HIV co-infection in Europe. **RECENT FINDINGS:** Socioeconomic factors, including substance abuse, inca…
Caden W Munson, Deepak Kaushal
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains an epidemiological concern due to heterogeneous outcomes in tuberculosis (TB) pathology and the lack of mechanistic understanding of early immune events. Type I interferons (IFNs) in TB are generally described as pathological. However, evi…
Riccardo Inchingolo, Lorenzo Carriera, Simone Ielo, Roberto Barone, Andrea Smargiassi, et al.
… issues correlated with diagnosis and management of TPE: 1- epidemiology, clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology; 2- limitations of conventional diagnostic procedures on pleural fluid; 3- usefulness of thoracic ultrasound (TUS) in the stepwise pathway 4- role of tho…
Tyagita Hartady, Faisal Amri Satrio, Syahrul Maulana, Dwi Wahyuda Wira, Endang Yuni Setyowati, et al.
Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB), predominantly caused by, remains an underrecognized public health threat in many low- and middle-income countries. Although global estimates suggest that zTB accounts for approximately 1-1.5% of all human tuberculosis cases, limited molecular diagnost…
Lu Lu Zhang, Jun Ping Peng
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant threat to global public health, necessitating rapid and precise diagnostic methods and comprehensive detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to facilitate timely clinical management. Traditional diagnostic techniques suffer fr…
Yasmine Bendimrad, Lamia Mellah, Malak Snoussi, Jalila El Bakkouri
…n cut-off thresholds, study populations, local tuberculosis epidemiology, and laboratory methodology (particularly lymphocyte quantification) likely contributed to this heterogeneity. **CONCLUSIONS:** The CR+ appears promising as a non-invasive tool using routine parameters for …
Hossein Jooya, Sama Yavari, Maryam Meskini, Seyyed Mohammad Amin Mousavi-Sagharchi, Seyed Davar Siadat, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) exerts profound detrimental impacts on global human populations. This infectious disease is primarily caused by(MTB), a highly adapted pathogen that undergoes rapid genomic evolution, enabling it to acquire resistance to targeted antimicrobial agents. The emerge…
Inderpaul Singh Sehgal, Valliappan Muthu, Helmut J F Salzer, Ritesh Agarwal
…esizes current evidence on CPA complicating PTLA, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Key findings include CPA prevalence of 7-23% in TB survivors, diagnostic utility of automated-IgG assays, and characteristic chest CT-features. Randomized trials dem…
Giovanni Fumagalli, Jessica Mencarini, Irene Sini, Lucia Allavena, Marina Tadolini, et al.
… This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on PTLD epidemiology, clinical evaluation and management while offering practical suggestions for clinicians taking care of people with TB and addressing research needs.