Showing 1–25 of 60 documents
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Venus Marie R Rojas, Michaela Zwyer, Selim Bouaouina, Daniela Brites, Sonia Borrell, et al.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) phylogenetic lineages 1-4 (L1-L4) are the main causes of human tuberculosis (TB). Until now, most of the focus in the TB field has been on MTBC L2 and L4, as these two lineages are geographically widespread and have been repeatedly as…
Salma Madihi, Achraf Aainouss, Mly Driss Ei Messaoudi, Abdelouaheb Benani
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health burden, the leading cause of death among people living with HIV, and one of the main causes of death linked to antimicrobial resistance. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched in 2015 the End TB Initiative that aims to reduce TB cases and…
Yi Hao Wong, Hai Tarng Chong, Ting Huey Hu, Catherine Wei Min Ong
Despite the World Health Organization End TB Strategy, tuberculosis (TB) remains the world's leading infectious cause of death. Conventional antimicrobial therapies are hindered by prolonged treatment durations, poor patient adherence, and drug toxicity. Host-directed therapies (…
Siddharth Sekhar Sethy, Gagan Deep, P V Sudhakar, Tarun Goyal, Pankaj Kandwal, et al.
…cases of extrapulmonary TB. The incidence of osteoarticular tuberculosis is one of the lowest in extrapulmonary tuberculosis, probably only next to cutaneous tuberculosis in non-HIV patients. Considering the low incidence of primary osteoarticular tuberculosis without pulmonary t…
André Avarese Figueiredo, Humberto Elias Lopes, Augusto de Azevedo Barreto, Victor Silvestre Soares Fanni, Filipi Silva Kefler, et al.
**INTRODUCTION:** Urogenital tuberculosis (UGT) is a common manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and can affect all organs of the urinary tract and male genital tract. The actual main problem of UGT is late diagnosis and a high prevalence of urogenital organ destruction. …
Moorine P Sekadde, Silvia S Chiang, Annemieke Brands, Martina Casenghi, Chishala Chabala, et al.
…(aged 0-9 years) and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) develop tuberculosis disease. Tuberculosis ranks among the top ten causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The primary driver of tuberculosis-related mortality in children and young adolescents is the failure to detect…
Steven Howard Yale, Halil Tekiner, Eileen Scott Yale
…lopment and significance of medical eponyms associated with tuberculosis between 1909 and 1942, highlighting their contribution to the diagnosis of the disease. During this period, 16 eponymous signs were described, including the well-known Brudzinski sign for tuberculous meningi…
Anna Starshinova, Igor Kudryavtsev, Artem Rubinstein, Irina Dovgalyuk, Anastasia Kulpina, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a fatal disease primarily transmitted through airborne droplets, with children who are the most susceptible, particularly in the areas with poor tuberculosis control. The BCG vaccine, developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, has a history sp…
Maria-Cristina I Loader, Deborah L W Chong, Keira H Skolimowska, Jon S Friedland
…the interface of inflammation, tissue injury, and repair in tuberculosis. In pulmonary tuberculosis, dysregulated MMP activity drives extracellular matrix degradation, cavitation, and remodelling that contribute to post-tuberculosis lung disease. In tuberculous meningitis, MMPs h…
Shad Ahmad, Adil Husain, Parul Jain, Firoz Ahmad
**BACKGROUND:** Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB), most frequently manifesting as tuberculous meningitis, is associated with high mortality and significant long-term neurological morbidity. Increasing evidence suggests that disease severity and neurological damage are …
Parul Verma, Geeti Khullar, Satyaki Ganguly, P Narsimha Rao, Pragya Nair, et al.
Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is an important type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), especially in countries where the tuberculosis (TB) load is high. It is reported from all over the globe with varying incidence, affecting all age groups, and it presents with different clini…
Chengzhi Liu, Xinyu Wang, Xusheng Cao
**PURPOSE:** Ocular tuberculosis (OTB), an extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis (TB), significantly impacts vision acuity and presents challenges in diagnosis and treatment. With ongoing research efforts, new insights into its pathogenesis and treatment have emerged. This…
Qiang Ji
**BACKGROUND:** Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare and diagnostically challenging form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that can closely mimic advanced ovarian cancer both clinically and radiologically. This case is reported to highlight this diagnostic dilemma and the serious postop…
José Cruz Mendoza-Torres, Nayar Durán-Hernández, José Alberto Choreño-Parra, Carlos Sánchez-Garibay, Citlaltepetl Salinas-Lara
**BACKGROUND:** Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a primary global health concern, with significant long-term sequelae. Central nervous system TB (CNS-TB) is a clinical spectrum with entities such as tuberculous meningitis and tuberculomas. Em…
Hindol Maity, Supriya Meshram, Keshao Hiwale, Pratibha Narang
Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB), a form of human tuberculosis caused by animal-adapted members of thecomplex (MTBC), poses unique challenges for clinical diagnosis, surveillance, and public health control. Traditionally associated withand transmitted through the consumption of unpast…
Janke Kleynhans, Christiaan A Gouws, Thomas Ebenhan
…ET/CT radiopharmaceuticals can better visualize and monitor tuberculosis and enable real-time pharmacological drug profiling in vivo. PET/CT imaging can therefore be used to study in animal models the changes in tissue pathology in tuberculosis infection, such as mycobacterial la…
Rajiv Garg, Shubham Shukla, Ravindra Kumar Garg
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is one of the most severe forms of extrapulmonary TB, often leading to substantial morbidity and mortality owing to its complex clinical presentation and frequent diagnostic delays. Despite global TB control efforts, CNS TB continues to p…
Lianjing Liang, Shitong Su, Lanya Peng, Hua Zhuang, Yao Chen, et al.
…on, consequently heightening vulnerability to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection or reactivation. Hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), tuberculous meningitis, and potential congenital TB are serious complications that may arise after IVF-ET, posing sign…
H Alzarooni, H Molabe, F Malherbe
Breast tuberculosis (TB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, accounting for 0.1% of all breast conditions globally, with a higher incidence in endemic regions such as India, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. It can mimic breast carcinoma, complicating timely diagnosis…
Gustavo Esteban Lugo-Zamudio, Oscar Sosa-Hernández, Briceida López-Martínez, Clemente Cruz-Cruz, Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel, et al.
In Mexico, syphilis and tuberculosis are infectious diseases subject to mandatory and immediate epidemiological surveillance, both with special systems that allow nominal follow-up for either variant. Surveillance uses the operational definitions of probable and confirmed cases e…
Begna Tulu, Thomas Theo Brehm, Reinout van Crevel, Tobias Dallenga, Andrew R DiNardo, et al.
Tuberculosis (TB) primarily manifests as pulmonary TB (PTB), but extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) remains a major clinical challenge. Distinct diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties arise from differences in immune responses, pathogen behaviour and host susceptibility. However, the fact…
Promod K Mehta, Jefry Sebastian
Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is challenging. During the last two decades, several nucleic acid amplification tests have been deliberated to diagnose TB (including EPTB) and drug resistance (DR), i.e. in-house PCR/multiplex-PCR, commercial real-time PCR (e.g. Co…
Ana Paula Santos, Rosana Souza Rodrigues, Erik H J G Aarntzen, Paulo Henrique Rosado de Castro, Cecile Magis-Escurra, et al.
…es. This nuclear medicine technique can be a useful tool in tuberculosis (TB) for assessing the extent of extrapulmonary disease, evaluating treatment response and identifying patients at higher risk of disease relapse. The fusion of functional imaging provided by PET with the an…
Soaham Desai, Ravi Yadav, Divyani Garg, Susanne A Schneider, Pramod Kumar Pal
**BACKGROUND:** Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a severe complication of TB, with movement disorders representing an under-recognized yet impactful manifestation. Despite their clinical significance, knowledge gaps persist in epidemiology, pathophysiology…
Ashok Kumar Pannu
Geriatric tuberculosis (TB) is an emerging but under-recognized challenge in India. Older adults often present with atypical or advanced disease, leading to delayed diagnosis, treatment complications, and increased mortality. While pulmonary TB is common, extrapulmonary and disse…