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Association of vitamin D status with the immune response in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.

Abdurakhim Toychiev, Natalya Gafner, Vera Belotserkovets, Svetlana Osipova

Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2026-05

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the associations between vitamin D (VD) and cytokine levels in active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA).

METHODS: One hundred seventy-two active PTB patients, twenty-eight PTB patients with CPA (PTB-CPA), and sixty healthy subjects were included in the study. The concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS: A significantly lower VD level was detected in PTB-CPA patients (14.96&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;10.89&#x202f;ng/mL) than in both PTB patients (20.72&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;8.07&#x202f;ng/mL, p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01) and controls (23.90&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;8.16&#x202f;ng/mL, p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001). VD deficiency was significantly more prevalent in PTB-CPA patients than in PTB patients (OR&#x202f;=&#x202f;2.86, 95% CI: 1.22-6.69; p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.01) or controls (OR&#x202f;=&#x202f;5.33, 95% CI: 2.02-14.11; p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.0005). In the PTB group, VD levels exhibited a significant inverse correlation with only IL-6 (r&#x202f;=&#x202f;-0.376, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.0001), whereas in PTB-CPA patients, stronger inverse correlations were observed with IL-6 (r&#x202f;=&#x202f;-0.691, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.0005) and IL-8 (r&#x202f;=&#x202f;-0.538, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.01). In cavitary PTB patients, a significant inverse link was found between VD and IL-1&#x3b2; and IL-6 levels (all p&#x202f;&#x2264;&#x202f;0.05).

CONCLUSION: Our data revealed a high prevalence of VD deficiency in all groups, predominantly in PTB-CPA patients. The inverse correlations between VD levels and IL-6 and IL-8 levels in PTB-CPA patients as well as between VD and IL-1&#x3b2; and IL-6 levels in cavitary PTB patients, provide further evidence for the role of VD as a regulator of inflammatory pathways in the context of coinfection.