GC-MS Guided Phytochemical Fingerprinting and Multi-Target Therapeutic Evaluation ofLam. Leaves: Insights into Its Hypoglycemic and Analgesic Activities.

Lam. has traditionally been used to treat conditions such as acne, high blood pressure, bleeding, tuberculosis, and rheumatism. This study aimed to investigate the methanolic extract ofleaves to determine their bioactive compounds and evaluate their effects on both central and peripheral pain using in vivo and in silico approaches. The GC-MS analysis revealed 41 phytochemicals, including 14 phenolics, 4 esters, 12 terpenoids, 8 alkaloids, and 3 sulfur-containing compounds. In the glucose tolerance test, both the chloroform-soluble fraction (CF) and n-hexane fraction (NHF) exhibited< 0.05 reductions in blood glucose levels at a dosage of 400 mg/kg with decreases of 51.94% and 46.63%, respectively, compared to the positive control (64.02%). The central analgesic evaluation showed significant (< 0.001) enhancements in tail-flick latency for the fraction (184.94%) and CF (170.51%) following 90 min. In the pain relief assay, NHF showed inhibition (64.33%,< 0.001) followed by an aqueous fraction (57.35%). These pharmacological findings were supported by in silico analysis. Concerning activity, 5-(dimethylamino)-1- acid phenyl ester (-8.9 kcal/mol) and 9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-3-ol (-8.4 kcal/mol) displayed the strongest binding affinity to AMPK. Additionally, 2,3-diphenyl-2-cyclopropen-1-one exhibited favorable interactions with &#x3b1;-amylase (-8.0 kcal/mol) and &#x3b1;-glucosidase (-8.3 kcal/mol). Similarly, the central analgesic effect correlated with the strong &#x3bc;-opioid receptor affinity of s-Triazine, 2-amino-4-(piperidinomethyl)-4-piperidino (-8.8 kcal/mol). N-Methyl-N-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-benzamide (-8.6 kcal/mol) and s-Triazine derivative (-8.9 kcal/mol) demonstrated notable COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition potential. Overall, the findings indicateleaves as a promising source of bioactive compounds with significant antihyperglycemic and analgesic properties.