Long-term risk of death after tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major societal burden, yet data on long-term mortality following TB diagnosis and treatment are limited. We conducted a nationwide Brazilian cohort study using linked data (2004-2018) to quantify long-term mortality (up to 14 years) following TB. We matched: (i) individuals diagnosed with TB or (ii) individuals who had completed TB treatment to TB-free individuals. We used competing risk methods to analyze natural causes (that is, defined as deaths excluding TB, HIV and external causes) and cause-specific mortality. In the diagnosed cohort (185,921 pairs), the risk of 14-year natural cause mortality was significantly higher (risk ratio (RR) = 2.16, 95% confidence interval = 1.96-2.37); RRs were significantly elevated for deaths due to cancer, cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory and external causes. The treated cohort (111,871 pairs) presented elevated natural cause mortality risk (RR = 1.77,1.55-2.03), with similarly increased RRs across specific causes. We showed that TB survivors, even after treatment, faced a significantly elevated, prolonged risk of death from various causes up to 14 years later. This finding highlights the need for long-term monitoring to reduce the burden of TB.