Recent advancements in nanomedicine and application on antitubercular therapy

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a global challenge to treat. Advanced drug-delivery methods are needed to enhance drug efficiency with fewer side effects. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems increase medication to improve antitubercular therapy. Thus, the review aims to evaluate the recent studies that reported the various nanoparticles linked to anti-tubercular drug delivery systems and the importance of nano-encapsulation with first-line TB drugs. Liposomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, and micelles are the most common organic nanoparticles. Polysaccharide 1,3-β-glucan nanoparticles on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA(RIF)) and Glu-PLGA(RIF) enhanced cellular uptake of RIF by 17 and 62 (kPI/kDI), respectively. Glu-PLGA nanoparticles demonstrated an absorption rate twice that of PLGA nanoparticles in macrophages (kPI = 0.4198 h -1 compared to 0.1822 h -1 for an equivalent nanoparticle quantity). Also, incorporating 1,3-β-glucan into PLGA nanoparticles led to higher rifampicin and nanoparticle absorption by THP-1 macrophages. Additionally, APENs and WPENs (26.3 ± 0.8) showed no change in ζ-potential, but RIF significantly raised both values to 42.0 ± 4.2 and 38.5 ± 2.8. Particularly, gallium inhibits the ability of pathogens to obtain iron. Inhibiting the acquisition of iron by Mycobacterium tuberculosis can prevent its intracellular multiplication. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles encapsulating rifampicin and isoniazid enhance stability, solubility, and absorption. Also, nanoencapsulation of ATD drugs is utilized to precisely target specific areas, thereby reducing adverse effects, especially in the setting of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. • Exosome-encapsulated rifampicin exhibited a MIC and MBC of 0.25 μg/mL against the H37Rv strain for RIF, Exo-RIF, and ANG-Exo-RIF. • The most effective Au-AgNP for suppressing active and latent mycobacteria is B3, having a MIC of 0.32-1.05 μg/mL. • Antibacterial properties of AgNPs are demonstrated by their MIC (>2.56 μg/mL) and IC50 (0.87–2.56 μg/mL). • Gallium nanoparticles also prevent bacteria from acquiring iron. Inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis' iron uptake can stop intracellular growth.