GC-MS Guided Phytochemical Fingerprinting and Multi-Target Therapeutic Evaluation of <i>Ixora chinensis</i> Lam. Leaves: Insights into Its Hypoglycemic and Analgesic Activities

Ixora chinensis Lam. has traditionally been used to treat conditions such as acne, high blood pressure, bleeding, tuberculosis, and rheumatism. This study aimed to investigate the methanolic extract of I. chinensis leaves to determine their bioactive compounds and evaluate their effects on both central and peripheral pain using in vivo and in silico approaches. The GC-MS analysis revealed 41 phytochemicals, including 14 phenolics, 4 esters, 12 terpenoids, 8 alkaloids, and 3 sulfur-containing compounds. In the glucose tolerance test, both the chloroform-soluble fraction (CF) and n-hexane fraction (NHF) exhibited p p p I. chinensis leaves as a promising source of bioactive compounds with significant antihyperglycemic and analgesic properties.