Tuberculosis and climate change: analytical framework and knowledge gaps

This report examines the intersection between climate change and tuberculosis (TB), highlighting how climate-related factors may influence TB transmission, disease progression, health outcomes and access to care. Drawing on a literature review, expert consultation and country examples from Ethiopia and South Africa, the publication presents an analytical framework describing pathways through which climate change may affect the TB epidemic, particularly through migration and displacement, food and water insecurity, and disruption of health systems. It also discusses additional pathways, including air pollution, meteorological factors and zoonotic TB, while emphasizing the disproportionate impact on populations already affected by poverty, undernutrition and limited access to health services.

The document identifies major knowledge gaps and outlines a research agenda to strengthen evidence on climate-sensitive determinants of TB and effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. It further considers the environmental impact of TB services and supply chains, and describes ongoing WHO initiatives aimed at integrating TB responses into broader climate resilience, health system strengthening and multisectoral policy frameworks. The publication calls for increased investment, coordinated action and climate-resilient approaches to sustain progress towards ending TB.