Challenge to Eliminate HIV Mother-to-Child Transmission by 2030: Risk Factors and Prevention

The global commitment to end HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) by 2030 is a historic moment in public health. Despite significant advances in preventive techniques and the broad availability of antiretroviral medication/therapy (ART), a number of challenges remain in achieving this goal. This review analyzes the primary risk factors contributing to MTCT and assesses preventative interventions within the context of the 2030 objective. A high maternal viral load remains the most important predictor of vertical transmission, emphasizing the significance of consistent ART adherence and viral load monitoring. Opportunistic illnesses, such as syphilis, tuberculosis (TB), and other sexually transmitted or vaginal infections, exacerbate maternal susceptibility and increase the likelihood of MTCT. Other variables, such as low birth weight, poor breastfeeding practices, fear of stigma, and nondisclosure of HIV status, further compound these issues. Socioeconomic gaps, gender inequality, and cultural barriers inhibit program implementation, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Comprehensive prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) strategies that include medical, nutritional, psychological, and community-based treatments are critical. Strengthening maternal health care, ensuring ART continuity, encouraging exclusive breastfeeding with viral suppression, and eliminating HIV-related stigma are essential measures toward closing current gaps. To achieve an HIV-free generation by 2030, coordinated global, national, and community-level initiatives must address the biological, structural, and sociocultural causes of MTCT.