Lung Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Lesions: A Two-year Cross-sectional Study of Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Pathologies

Abstract Background: Pulmonary lesions, neoplastic as well as nonneoplastic including interstitial lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, and infections such as tuberculosis, are diagnostic dilemmas owing to the diversity of their diagnoses and considerable differences in management and outcome. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out from January 2020 to December 2021 on all patients who underwent lung biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases at our institute. Results: This study analyzed 186 pulmonary lesions over 2 years, with 48.9% nonneoplastic and 45.7% neoplastic lesions. The majority of cases were in the 51–70 age group (50%), with a male dominance (63.44%). Nonneoplastic lesions had a slight male predominance, whereas neoplastic lesions showed a strong male bias. A significant sex difference was found in lesion type ( P < 0.05). In the nonneoplastic group, the most common lesions were inflammatory (45%) and granulomatous (37.4%), and tuberculosis was the most prevalent. Among neoplastic lesions, 85% were primary lung cancers, with adenocarcinoma (ADC) being the most common. Conclusion: Lung biopsy plays a vital role in diagnosing both neoplastic and nonneoplastic pulmonary pathologies. In this study, nonneoplastic lesions were more common, with a predominance of male patients and upper lobe involvement as the most common anatomical site. ADC was the most frequent lung cancer subtype, reflecting global trends.