Burden, clinical outcomes, and characteristics of tuberculosis in migrant populations in the middle East and North African region: A systematic review and meta-analyses

INTRODUCTION: Migrants in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region face an increased tuberculosis (TB) risk due to socioeconomic and structural barriers. This systematic review synthesises evidence on TB burden, clinical outcomes, and epidemiological characteristics among migrants in MENA. METHODS: We searched six electronic databases and grey literature sources for studies published between 2000 and September 2024 in any language. Eligible studies reported primary data on TB prevalence, incidence, treatment outcomes, and clinical or epidemiological features in migrants. Pooled estimates were calculated using DerSimonian & Laird's random-effects model where applicable or narratively synthesised. RESULTS: = 40.2 %), while extrapulmonary TB was more prevalent among non-migrants (33.4-83.4 % vs. 16.6-72.9 %). CONCLUSION: Migrants in MENA region experience disproportionate TB burden and poorer treatment outcomes, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. Enhanced data, especially from North Africa, is essential to support regional TB elimination aligned with World Health Organization and Sustainable Development Goals.