<i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> : A review of vaccination and diagnostic initiatives

Abstract Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle constitute a worldwide problem with significant detrimental economic impacts on cattle industry. Mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, otitis media and genital disorders are its clinical manifestations. Presently, no vaccines are commercially available; antimicrobial resistance is increasing; diagnostic and antimicrobial sensitivity testing needs to be improved; and new rapid diagnosis kits are eminent for implementation of treatment with antimicrobials. We conducted a systematic search of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, AGRIS and African Journals Online (AJOL), from 1995 to 2024. Searched keywords, such as, Mycoplasma bovis, M bovis : vaccine development, diagnostic techniques and strain variability using the predefined criteria were used to address the review objectives. Although they have a preventative function, vaccines – killed, live attenuated, and subunit types – face difficulties because M. bovis strains vary widely. Every diagnostic approach has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, and those that have been used in M. bovis studies include conventional culture and identification, serological testing, immunohistochemical demonstration in tissues, and sophisticated molecular techniques like PCR, qPCR, and next-generation sequencing. For early detection, successful treatment, vaccination efficacy monitoring, and accurate diagnosis are crucial. Future directions for managing M. bovis -associated diseases include improving diagnostic accessibility and creating broad-spectrum vaccinations. By incorporating these developments, it may be possible to enhance the health of cattle, promote the sustainability of livestock production, and increase food security. This review points to the urgent need for further research in M. bovis vaccine innovation and diagnostic advancement in support of the cattle industry.