Mammary Tuberculosis: A Case Report

Introduction: Mammary tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, accounting for less than 0.1% of all tuberculosis cases. It often presents as a painless breast mass, clinically mimicking breast cancer, and poses significant diagnostic challenges, both clinically and paraclinically. This article presents a case of primary mammary tuberculosis. Case: We report the case of Mrs. O.S., a 40-year-old single, nulliparous woman with no significant medical history or known exposure to tuberculosis. She presented with left breast pain and induration, accompanied by redness and warmth. After an ineffective course of antibiotics, further examination revealed an abscess in the anterointernal quadrant of the left breast, with nipple retraction and multiple fistulization points. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of mammary tuberculosis. The patient was treated with standard antituberculous therapy and responded well to treatment. Discussion: Mammary tuberculosis is an extremely rare manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, representing less than 0.1% of cases. Its rarity may be attributed to the unfavorable environment of breast tissue for the survival of the tubercle bacillus. The disease often presents as a painless mass that is easily mistaken for breast cancer. Diagnosis is frequently delayed due to its nonspecific clinical presentation, leading to confusion with more common pathologies like breast cancer. Treatment is primarily medical, relying on standard antituberculous therapy, although surgery may be necessary in cases of poor response. Conclusion: Mammary tuberculosis, despite its rarity, poses a significant diagnostic challenge due to its resemblance to breast cancer. Accurate diagnosis requires careful consideration, particularly in tuberculosis-endemic regions. Early intervention is crucial to prevent complications and ensure a favorable prognosis.