The Prevalence and Clinical Manifestations of Post-Tuberculosis Lung Disease in Immunocompetent HIV-Negative Individuals: A Scoping Review

Background and study aim: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Although TB treatment is generally effective, many patients develop long-term respiratory complications known as post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD). Most research has focused on HIV-positive individuals, leaving a gap in understanding PTLD in HIV-negative, immunocompetent individuals. This scoping review aims to assess the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and long-term outcomes of PTLD in HIV-negative individuals. Patients and Methods: Following Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework, comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for studies published between 2010 and 2024. Inclusion criteria targeted studies examining PTLD in HIV-negative individuals. Ten studies were included in the analysis. Results: The prevalence of PTLD in HIV-negative individuals ranged from 20% to 45%. Common clinical manifestations included chronic respiratory symptoms such as cough and dyspnoea, along with structural lung damage like pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and spirometry were the most commonly used diagnostic tools. Long-term outcomes included persistent respiratory symptoms, recurrent infections, and chronic disability. Conclusion: PTLD is a significant but under-recognized complication in HIV-negative TB survivors. Understanding its pathophysiology in immunocompetent individuals can improve diagnostic and treatment strategies, including pulmonary rehabilitation and long-term care. Further research and standardized care protocols are needed to manage this population better.