An explainable artificial intelligence framework reveals mutations associated with drug resistance in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is essential for the rapid detection of resistance and for guiding effective treatment, ultimately contributing to reducing the global burden of tuberculosis (TB). Under anti-TB drugs pressure, MTB continues to accumulate resistance loci. The current repertoire of known resistance-associated mutations requires further refinement, necessitating efficient methods for the timely identification of potential resistance sites. Here, we introduce xAI-MTBDR, an explainable artificial intelligence framework designed to identify new resistance-associated mutations and predict drug resistance in MTB. It outperforms state-of-the-art methods in predicting drug resistance for all first-line drugs, and scoring each mutation’s contribution to resistance. By leveraging public whole-genome sequencing data from nearly 40,000 MTB isolates, the framework identified 788 candidate resistance-related mutations and revealed 30 potential resistance markers, several of which are structurally located closer to their respective drugs compared to known resistance mutations. Furthermore, these scores enabled the framework to efficiently subgroup isolates with different resistance mechanisms and reflect varying levels of resistance. The framework serves as a valuable tool for accurate detection of drug-resistant MTB and offers new insights into its underlying mechanisms.