Environmental pollution, particulates and pulmonary TB: An unseen connection

Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and treatable infectious disease, yet its eradication remains a global challenge, particularly in the realm of prevention. Identifying and addressing new avenues for intervention is crucial to achieving the global target of TB elimination. Air pollution, like TB, affects millions worldwide and is a significant contributor of respiratory illnesses. Numerous studies worldwide have suggested that indoor and outdoor air pollution may elevate the risk of tuberculosis. Major pollutants included PM 2.5 , O 3 , PM 10 and NO x . Their exposures for long periods of time have shown increased tuberculosis incidence in highly polluted areas. Exposure to tobacco smoke also showed increased risk of tuberculosis, re-activation and recurrence of the disease in exposed individuals and a more serious disease outcome. Consequently, this article highlights the essential role of tackling air pollution in efforts to eliminate tuberculosis, particularly in regions characterized by high population density, severe pollution levels, and a significant TB burden. Targeting air pollution will not only improve the respiratory health but can also strengthen the efforts to control and ultimately eradicate tuberculosis in vulnerable and at-risk populations.