Abdominal Tuberculosis

Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) involves the following sites singly or in combination: gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, visceral organs, and intra-abdominal lymph nodes. As a form of extrapulmonary TB (EXPTB), abdominal TB can occur in the presence or absence of active pulmonary TB. Abdominal TB is relatively rare, representing 1% to 3% of global TB cases, and the rate varies worldwide as a function of overall EXPTB rates within geographic locations. Abdominal TB estimates range from approximately 13% of the EXPTB cases in India to 6% of the EXPTB cases in the United States. Diagnosis is challenging and often delayed due to its nonspecific presentation. Abdominal TB responds well to standard antituberculous drugs when diagnosed early, with surgery only required in cases that develop complications (eg, strictures or obstruction) or that are unresponsive to medical therapy. High clinical suspicion, early initiation of antituberculous therapy, and involvement of an interprofessional team are necessary for reducing morbidity and mortality.