Diagnosis of Childhood Tuberculosis in Stunted Children Using Chest X-Ray and Mantoux Test: A Literature Review

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of pediatric mortality worldwide, with malnutrition, particularly stunting, significantly increasing susceptibility and impacting diagnostic accuracy. Stunting, characterized by chronic undernutrition and zinc deficiency, compromises immune function, elevating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and impairing defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Diagnostic tools like chest X-rays and the Mantoux test demonstrate limitations in stunted children. Chest X-rays, though widely used, lack specificity and depend on the expertise of the reader. The Mantoux test shows reduced sensitivity in malnourished children, with a higher risk of false negatives in severe cases. These findings highlight the need for a cautious interpretation of TB diagnostics in stunted populations and underscore the importance of integrating advanced diagnostic tools for improved accuracy in vulnerable groups.