Splenic Dysfunction in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Single Centre Experience From Central India

Objective To assess the prevalence and predictors of splenic dysfunction in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2019 and December 2020 where children aged 1 to 15 years of age with SCD were screened for splenic dysfunction. Children who were splenectomised, those with other diseases known to affect splenic function like congenital malformations, immunodeficiencies, and chronic diseases like tuberculosis, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, celiac disease or malignancy were excluded. Splenic size was assessed by clinical examination and ultrasonography. Splenic dysfunction was assessed by Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled autologous RBCs and by the presence of Howell Jolly bodies in the peripheral smear. Laboratory and clinical predictors of splenic dysfunction were assessed by multiple logistic regression. Results We evaluated 66 children with SCD with a mean (SD) age of 7.41 (3.3) years. Impaired and absent splenic function as assessed by 99mTc scintigraphy was found in 13 (19.7%), and 3 (4.6%) children, respectively. Howell Jolly bodies in peripheral smear were found in 5 (7.5%) children; 3 of them had abnormal uptake on scintigraphy; all five had splenomegaly. Age > 5 years, > 4 episodes of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), > 3 hospitalization events in the past, > 5 blood transfusions, children not receiving hydroxyurea, reticulocyte count > 4%, and HbS > 70% were independent predictors of splenic dysfunction. Conclusion The prevalence of splenic dysfunction in children with SCD in Central India is lower than that reported from the West. The decision to start antibiotic prophylaxis can be individualized in these children.