Variability in plasma rifampicin concentrations and role of <i>SLCO1B1</i>, <i>ABCB1</i>, <i>AADAC2</i> and <i>CES2</i> genotypes in Ethiopian patients with tuberculosis

Background Rifampicin, a key drug against tuberculosis (TB), displays wide between-patient pharmacokinetics variability and concentration-dependent antimicrobial effect. We investigated variability in plasma rifampicin concentrations and the role of SLCO1B1 , ABCB1 , arylacetamide deacetylase ( AADAC ) and carboxylesterase 2 ( CES-2 ) genotypes in Ethiopian patients with TB. Methods We enrolled adult patients with newly diagnosed TB ( n = 119) who had received 2 weeks of rifampicin-based anti-TB therapy. Venous blood samples were obtained at three time points post-dose. Genotypes for SLCO1B1 ( c.388A > G , c.521T > C ), ABCB1 ( c.3435C > T , c.4036A > G), AADACc.841G > A and CES-2 ( c.269-965A > G ) were determined. Rifampicin plasma concentration was quantified using LC-MS/MS. Predictors of rifampicin C max and AUC 0-7 h were analysed. Results The median rifampicin C max and AUC 0-7 were 6.76 µg/mL (IQR 5.37-8.48) and 17.05 µg·h/mL (IQR 13.87-22.26), respectively. Only 30.3% of patients achieved the therapeutic efficacy threshold ( C max >8 µg/mL). The allele frequency for SLCO1B1*1B ( c.388A > G ), SLCO1B1*5 ( c.521T > C ), ABCB1 c.3435C > T , ABCB1c.4036A > G , AADAC c.841G > A and CES-2 c.269-965A > G were 2.2%, 20.2%, 24.4%, 14.6%, 86.1% and 30.6%, respectively. Sex, rifampicin dose and ABCB1c.4036A > G , genotypes were significant predictors of rifampicin C max and AUC 0-7 . AADACc.841G > A genotypes were significant predictors of rifampicin C max . There was no significant influence of SLCO1B1 ( c.388A > G, c .521T > C ), ABCB1c.3435C > T and CES-2 c.269-965A > G on rifampicin plasma exposure variability. Conclusions Subtherapeutic rifampicin plasma concentrations occurred in two-thirds of Ethiopian TB patients. Rifampicin exposure varied with sex, dose and genotypes. AADACc.841G/G and ABCB1c.4036A/A genotypes and male patients are at higher risk of lower rifampicin plasma exposure. The impact on TB treatment outcomes and whether high-dose rifampicin is required to improve therapeutic efficacy requires further investigation.