Molecular Diversity of Bovine Tuberculosis

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), the causative agent of which is Mycobacterium bovis, a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), poses a major public health hazard globally, especially in developing countries.Mycobacterium bovis having 4200 genes, pathogenicity is associated with prolineglutamate or proline-proline-glutamate genes.The zoonotic nature of infection underscores its significance on both animal and human health.Though several species are affected, cattle serve as the main reservoirs.Multiple strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex have been revealed by molecular investigations, assisting in comprehending the virulence and evolution of the organism.BTB continues to affect human well-being, trade, and animal health despite efforts to control it in developed countries.To mitigate the effects of this zoonotic disease, effective control measures-such as testing and slaughter-are essential.RFLP is mainly used to study the prevalence of BTB.For this an insertion sequence IS110 is widely used as genetic marker.Multi drug resistant tuberculosis is detected by GeneXpert technique, which identify the rifampicin resistance sequence in MTC.Timely surveillance of a disease is of utmost importance, mostly gamma-interferon and intradermal comparative tuberculin skin test are the valuable tools and used for prevention and control programs.Various national and international measures should be taken to develop good surveillance strategies and strengthen the current ones.Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB), being a zoonotic disease, still raises severe health and economic concerns in developing countries.Therefore, timely surveillance of disease is vital for appropriate containment measures.Keeping in view the objectives, various approaches may be adopted for designing a suitable surveillance plan.