Disseminated tuberculosis after anti-TNF alpha treatment: Do not blindly trust the IGRA test

Introduction Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) is used to detect latent tuberculosis prior to biological treatments in the context of suspected inflammatory rheumatism. Methods We report the case of a 50-year-old woman with negative IGRA test before adalimumab introduction for presumed axial spondyloarthritis. Results The worsening of symptoms under treatment led to further investigations and the diagnostic of disseminated tuberculosis (TB) was later established with miliary and multiple bone locations such as spondylitis and sacroilitis. The patient's history revealed past exposure to tuberculosis. This observation illustrates the limitations of IGRA in such situation due to its variable performance for active TB diagnosis. Conclusion Misdiagnosis is frequent in bone tuberculosis due to non-specific signs. We draw the attention to the importance of a global risk assessment prior to the introduction of biological treatment for suspected chronic inflammatory rheumatism and recall the risk factors for false-negative IGRA. An extended treatment course may be necessary after exposure to anti-TNF-alpha.