Successful surgical treatment of bronchopleural fistula caused by severe pulmonary tuberculosis: A case report and review of literature

Background Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a relatively rare, but severe complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is associated with significant mortality; however, its management remains a major therapeutic challenge. Case summary We present a 24-year-old man with BPF resulting from severe pulmonary tuberculosis combined with mixed infections. The damaged right upper lobe and concomitant empyema were demonstrated via computed tomography. After undergoing open-window thoracostomy and tuberculosis treatment for 4 mo, decortication and right upper lobectomy were subsequently performed, leading to the resolution of tuberculosis and other concurrent pulmonary infections. Follow-up, 6 mo after surgery, failed to reveal any evidence of infection recurrence resulting in a good prognosis. Conclusion The disease course of tuberculous BPF is particularly challenging. Surgical intervention serves as an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for BPF.