Caracterización de la respuesta inmunitaria inducida por nuevas vacunas contra la tuberculosis basadas en nanopartículas

Lung diseases are a common and diverse group of illnesses that represent a health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. The microenvironment and the immune system in the lung are very important but they are also the most challenging immunological dilemma for the host. On one hand, lung location and function are constantly exposed to pathogens; but on the other hand should be sterile and preserve lung homeostasis through the balance between tolerance and inflammation. For this reason is extremely important to characterize and understand the mechanisms and populations involved in a protective immune response, and find better targets to design vaccines. The aim of this project is to define and understand the immunological profiles that correlate with greater protection generated by preventive and therapeutic vaccines in the lung. Preventive vaccines are generally administered to healthy individuals to prevent or ameliorate infectious diseases, but therapeutic cancer vaccines are administrated once the individual has already developed the disease to strength patient's own immune responses. We will focus on two different lung diseases: an infection caused by a bacteria and lung cancer. To study a bacterial infection, we will use as a model Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), responsible for Tuberculosis (TB). TB is a serious global health problem and the only licensed vaccine against TB is "Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin" (BCG). But BCG has a poor efficacy. To achieve a better understanding of the type of immune responses that confer protection, we will use a mouse model to assess the changes in the immune system produced in the lung by vaccines and in response to Mtb infection. Lung cancer is a devastating disease and a major therapeutic burden with poor survival rates. Cancer cells have been in the focus of the research, but the importance of the immune system is becoming more important. Syngenic murine models entailing the injection of immunological compatible cancer cells in immunocompetent mice will allow us to study of the modulation of the immune system performed by cancer cells. Moreover, we will use therapeutic vaccines against tumor cells to activate anti-tumor T cells to recognize and destroy the tumor, increasing the effectiveness when used alone or in combination with conventional therapies. In both approaches, the immune cell populations present in the bronchoalverolar lavage (BAL) and in the lung parenchyma, and the ones induced by the different experimental conditions, will be analyzed and characterized by flow cytometry and ELISA. Also, cells will be obtained to perform proteomic and gene expression profiles to better define the pathways with impact in controlling infection or cancer cells. The outputs generated by our research would lead in the future to a more rational design of protective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against lung diseases.