Pulmonary Infections in People Living with HIV

Despite the development of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH). Pulmonary infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, and Staphylococcus aureus remain common. One-third of PLWH worldwide are infected with tuberculosis and the infection manifests at any stage of HIV infection. Fungal infection is usually confined to PLWH unaware of their HIV infection until immunosuppression is advanced or those choosing to discontinue cART. The importance of viral infections has diminished since wide availability of cART; however, mortality from COVID-19 in PLWH may remain greater than in the non-HIV population.