Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a woman with anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies

Defects in the interleukin-12/interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) pathway and anti-IFN-γ antibodies have been associated with severe nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections. Consequently, disseminated NTM infections should prompt investigations for immunodeficiency. Herein, we report a case of a treatment refractory and ultimately disseminated and fatal Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a 71-year-old woman of Thai origin. Simultaneously, she had recurrent Salmonella kentucky cultured from stool samples and chronic perianal HSV-2 lesions. Late in the course of disease, anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies were demonstrated. Clinical studies investigating immunomodulating therapy and treatment among patients with anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies are lacking and, in this case, treatment seemed of a more palliative nature.