Mycobacterium tuberculosis Diagnosis with Conventional, Molecular Probe, and Nanobiosensing Techniques

Tuberculosis (TB) is a transmissible disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB infection affects mainly upper respiratory organs such as the lungs, so-called pulmonary TB. They can also affect multiple organs like bones, joints, skin, and genital organs, etc., are extrapulmonary TB infection. However, the vast majority of TB cases include pulmonary TB. The prevalence of TB is very high in developing nations, where diagnosing of latent TB, drug-resistant TB, and HIV co-infected, pediatric TB remains still a challenge. There are so many low sensitive conventional TB diagnosis methods are available which are responsible for delay in early-stage TB diagnosis. There is an urgent demand for precise and early-stage TB detection techniques. TB diagnostic tools used nowadays need a great deal of time, and it requires a big laboratory infrastructure and skilled medical laboratory technologist. Owing to this, the urgent necessity for, portable device for single-step TB diagnosis as a real point-of-care (POC) analytical device which is greatly increasing with an importance with low cost. Emerging of nanotechnology in detecting TB has speeded with more specific and ultra-sensitive TB test. This article reviews several traditional and molecular probe methods available for TB detection methods and focus the necessity of new 204development in TB nanodiagnosis. Further, we focus on several analytical modalities such as magnetic, optical, and colorimetric nanobiosensor for TB diagnosis.