Evaluation of intracranial vasculitis in tuberculous meningitis using magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging technique

Background Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a global health problem with important complications such as acute infarcts secondary to vasculitis contributing to adverse outcomes. The objective of this study is to assess intracranial vasculitis in patients with TBM, either during their initial diagnosis or during follow-up while on standard antituberculous therapy. Methods Ten patients with TBM underwent magnetic resonance (MR) based vessel wall imaging (VWI) to identify intracranial vasculitis (five patients during their initial presentation and the other five patients during their follow-up visit). Results Vasculitis was seen in 60% of the patients wherein 70% of their intracranial vessels were affected. Acute and chronic infarcts were seen in four and two patients respectively, one of whom had both acute and chronic infarcts. Leptomeningeal enhancement and basal cisternal tuberculomas were frequently seen in patients with vasculitis. Vasculitis was also seen many days after the commencement of the antituberculous therapy thus explaining late-onset infarcts in this disease. Conclusion Intracranial vasculitis is common in the patient with TBM. MR-based VWI technique has the potential for infarct risk assessment and to help guide the treatment for its possible prevention.