The impact of the residency area on risk factors for tuberculosis among people living in three different regions of Kazakhstan

Background and introduction:Prior studies have shown that several risk factors, including lifetime status of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis, lead to increased rates of pulmonary tuberculosis among Kazakhstani population.Our study aimed to estimate the potential modifiable effect of living area on risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis and estimate the proportion of a disease related to a given exposure in Kazakhstan. Methods:We used secondary data in this matched case-control study.Individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis identified by the national tuberculosis program, and 1038 controls, including agematched one household and one community controls for each case, were recruited.Conditional logistic regression with backward selection was used to examine the association of sex, marital status, history of incarceration, lifetime status of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, and diagnosed with diabetes, with pulmonary tuberculosis.A likelihood ratio test (LRT) was used to estimate an effect modification of risk factors by region of residency.The burden of disease attributable to risk factors was estimated by using the adjusted odds ratio for populationattributable risk (PAR) calculation.