Overview of Tuberculosis Biomarkers: An Update

There are millions of cases of tuberculosis (TB) get undiagnosed annually. New tactics and innovative diagnostic tools to control TB are urgently needed throughout the world. Exact diagnosis and early treatment of TB and latent TB infection are dynamic to prevent and control the TB. The absence of precise biomarkers hampers these efforts. In particular, new diagnosis tools and biomarkers are compulsory to estimate both pathogen and host key elements of the response to TB infection. Multiple-marker bio-signature or biomarker based tests, ideally achieved in urine or blood sample. Biomarker based active TB recognition might meet target product profiles anticipated by the WHO for point-of-care testing. Current efforts to recognize the TB diagnosis have exposed the crucial need for biomarker-based protocol that will allow more affordable, efficient, and accessible diagnosis for those in need. In the present chapter, we summarizes the different types of biomarkers and biosignatures such as serum/plasma biomarker [MCP-3 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-3), IL-4, IFN-ϒ, EGF, fractalkine, IP-10], antigen stimulated biomarker (CFP10, ESAT6, TB7.7), micro-RNA based biomarker (miR-378, miR-29c, miR-483, miR-193a-5p, miR-148a, miR-192, miR-146a, let-7e, miR-178, miR-365), etc.