BCG Vaccine and New Tuberculosis Vaccines Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A review

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) causes tuberculosis (TB) which is a serious infectious disease.Bacteria are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via sneezing and coughing.Despite global efforts to control TB, the disease is the second most common cause of death after Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Currently, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used to prevent tuberculous meningitisand miliary disease, particularly in young children, but its protective efficacy is variable in adults. Therefore, there isan urgent need for the development of alternative TB vaccines. Recently, new TB vaccine development efforts havebeen advanced in different clinical studies. Most of these vaccines are live-attenuated or recombinant mycobacterium,live viral vector-based, and protein/adjuvant vaccines. This review explains the recapitulation of the current status ofnew TB vaccines updated with scientific literature references.