Pulmonary Nocardiosis with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in a HIV-Infected Patient: a Rare Case Report in the World

Pulmonary nocardiosis is a common disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infected patients. In most cases, the disease progresses slowly. Here, we have presented a case of pulmonary nocardiosis that rapidly progressed. A 35-year-old woman with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, who was previously lost to follow-up, presented to our hospital chronic non-productive cough. Her CD4 count was 33 cells/µL (4%). Chest X-ray revealed opacity in the right upper lobe of the lung, and the results of sputum acid-fast staining were negative. Anti-tuberculosis agents were prescribed. Two weeks later, superficial vein dilatation was noted on her chest wall and the chest X-ray revealed worse findings. Chest CT showed a heterogeneous mass measuring 9.6 × 9.8 × 8.3 cm in the right lung. Further, necrotic mediastinal nodes nearly obliterated the SVC. Gram-positive beaded branching filamentous organisms were identified in the sputum by modified acid-fast staining. Hence, she was diagnosed with pulmonary nocardiosis. Culture results confirmed the presence of Nocardia beijingensis with SVC syndrome. She responded to treatment. After 2 weeks of parenteral administration, we switched her to oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, which was later followed by antiretroviral agents.