Genitourinary medicine

Genitourinary medicine specializes in the management of sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and encompasses elements of medicine, surgery, and microbiology. Common presentations include pelvic pain, genital irritation or discharge, testicular pain, or following exposure to potential infections (e.g. needle-stick injuries or sexual assaults). A full sexual history is important, as well as a multisystem evaluation and contraception counselling; these are described in detail in the chapter. HIV is a medical specialty in its own right, with multiple complications including opportunistic infections (such as <italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii</italic>, candidiasis, tuberculosis, and toxoplasmosis) or opportunistic malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma). The screening, diagnosis, and management of HIV and its related conditions are described.