MiR‐140 modulates the inflammatory responses of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>‐infected macrophages by targeting TRAF6

This study aimed to examine miR-140 expression in clinical samples from tuberculosis (TB) patients and to explore the molecular mechanisms of miR-140 in host-bacterial interactions during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tb) infections. The miR-140 expression and relevant mRNA expression were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR); the protein expression levels were analysed by ELISA and western blot; M tb survival was measured by colony formation unit assay; potential interactions between miR-140 and the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. MiR-140 was up-regulated in the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from TB patients and in THP-1 and U937 cells with M tb infection. Overexpression of miR-140 promoted M tb survival; on the other hand, miR-140 knockdown attenuated M tb survival. The pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6, tumour necrosis-α, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ were enhanced by M tb infection in THP-1 and U937 cells. MiR-140 overexpression reduced these pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in THP-1 and U937 cells with M tb infection; while knockdown of miR-140 exerted the opposite actions. TRAF6 was identified to be a downstream target of miR-140 and was negatively modulated by miR-140. TRAF6 overexpression increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and partially restored the suppressive effects of miR-140 overexpression on pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in THP-1 and U937 cells with M tb infection. In conclusion, our results implied that miR-140 promoted M tb survival and reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in macrophages with M tb infection partially via modulating TRAF6 expression.